参考文献/References:
[1] VON DER MARK K, KIRSCH T, NERLICH A,et al. Type X collagen synthesis in human osteoarthritic cartilage:Indication of chondrocyte hypertrophy[J]. Arthritis Rheum,1992, 35(7):806-811.
[2] BOOS N, NERLICH A G, WIEST I, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of type-X-collagen expression in osteoarthritis of the hip joint[J]. J Orthop Res,1999 17(4):495-502.
[3] PULLIG O, WESELOH G, GAUER S, et al. Osteopontin is expressed by adult human osteoarthritic chondrocytes: Protein and mRNA analysis of normal and osteoarthritic cartilage[J]. Matrix Biol, 2000,19(3):245-255.
[4] PULLIG O, WESELOH G, RONNEBERGER D, et al. Chondrocyte differentiation in human osteoarthritis: Expression of osteocalcin in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage and bone[J]. Calcif Tissue Int, 2000, 67(3):230-240.
[5] PFANDER D, SWOBODA B, KIRSCH T. Expression of early and late differentiation markers(proliferating cell nuclear antigen, syndecan-3, annexin VI, and alkaline phosphatase by human osteoarthritic chondrocytes[J]. Am J Pathol, 2001,159(5):1777-1783.
[6] CHAN B Y, LITTLE C B. The interaction of canonical bone morphogenetic protein and Wnt-signaling pathways may play an important role in regulating cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis[J]. Arthritis Res Ther,2012, 14(3):119.
[7] VAN AMERONGEN R, MIKELS A, NUSSE R. Alternative wnt signaling is initiated by distinct receptors[J].Sci Signal, 2008, 1(35):9.
[8] HE X, SEMENOV M, TAMAI K, et al. LDL receptor related proteins 5 and 6 in Wnt/β-catenin signaling: arrows point the way[J]. Development, 2004, 131(8):1663-1677.
[9] MINAMI Y, OISHI I, ENDO M, et al. Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases in noncanonical Wnt signaling: their implications in developmental morphogenesis and human diseases[J]. Dev Dyn, 2010, 239(1):1-15.
[10] PERADZIYI H, TOLWINSKI NS, BORCHERS A. The many roles of PTK7: a versatile regulator of cell-cell communication[J]. Arch Biochem Biophys, 2012, 524(1):71-76.
[11] FRADKIN L G, DURA J M, NOORDERMEER J N. Ryks: new partners for Wnts in the developing and regenerating nervous system[J]. Trends Neurosci, 2010, 33(2):84-92.
[12] JING L, LEFEBVRE J L, GORDON L R, et al. Wnt signals organize synaptic prepattern and axon guidance through the zebrafish unplugged/MUSK receptor[J]. Neuron, 2009, 61(5):721-733.
[13] KIKUCHI A, YAMAMOTO H, SATO A, et al. New insights into the mechanism of Wnt signaling pathway activation[J]. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol, 2011, 291:21-71.
[14] SUSANNE J K, MICHAEL K. On the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in stem cells[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2013,1830(2): 2297-2306.
[15] HAMBYAH A, BROOM N. On how degeneration influences load-bearing in the cartilage-bone system: a microstructural and micromechanical study [J]. Osteoarthr Cartil, 2007, 15(12):1410-1423.
[16] HWANG S G, RYU J H, KIM I C, et al. Wnt-7a causes loss of differentiated phenotype and inhibits apoptosis of articular chondrocytes via different mechanisms[J]. J Biol Chem, 2004, 279(25):26597-26604.
[17] RYU J H, KIM S J, KIM S H, et al. Regulation of the chondrocyte phenotype by beta-catenin[J]. Development, 2002, 129(23):5541-5550.
[18] YUASA T, OTANI T, KOIKE T, et al. Wnt/β-catenin signaling stimulates matrix catabolic genes and activity in articular chondrocytes: its possible role in joint degeneration[J]. Lab Invest, 2008, 88(3):264-274.
[19] YASUHARA R, YUASA T, WILLIAMS J A, et al. Wnt/β-catenin and retinoic acid receptor signaling pathways interact to regulate chondrocyte function and matrix turnover[J]. J Biol Chem, 2010, 285(1):317-327.
[20] PAPATHANASIOUER L, MALIZOS K N, TSEZOU A. Bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation through enhanced low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 catabolic activity contributes to hypertrophy in osteoarthritic chondrocytes[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2012, 14(2):R82.
[21] ZHOU X, LI W, JIANG L,et al. Tetrandrine Inhibits the Wnt/ β -Catenin Signalling Pathway and Alleviates Osteoarthritis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study[J]. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2013:809579.
[22] VORONKOV A, KRAUSS S. Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling and Small Molecule Inhibitors[J]. Curr Pharm Des, 2013, 19(4):634-664.
[23] KRAMER I, LOOTS G G, STUDER A, et al. Parathyroid hormone(PTH)-induced bone gain is blunted in SOST overexpressing and deficient mice[J]. J Bone Miner Res, 2010, 25(2):178-189.
[24] CHEN Y, WHETSTONE H C, LIN A C, et al. Betacatenin signaling plays a disparate role in different phases of fracture repair: implications for therapy to improve bone healing[J]. PLoS Med, 2007, 4(7): e249.
[25] WITTE F, DOKAS J, NEUENDORF F, et al. Comprehensive expression analysis of all Wnt genes and their major secreted antagonists during mouse limb development and cartilage differentiation[J]. Gene Expr Patterns, 2009, 9(4):215-223.
[26] AHN E, CHU M L, CHOI H J, et al. Structural basis of Wnt signaling inhibition by Dickkopf Binding to LRP5/6[J]. Dev Cell, 2011, 21(5):862-873.
[27] CHENG Z, BIECHELE T, WEI Z, et al. Crystal structures of the extracellular domain of LRP6 and its complex with DKK1[J]. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 2011, 18(11):1204-1210.
[28] BOURHIS E, TAM C, FRANKE Y. Reconstitution of a frizzled8.Wnt3a.LRP6 signaling complex reveals multiple Wnt and Dkk1 binding sites on LRP6[J]. J Biol Chem, 2010, 285(12):9172-9179.
[29] WENG L H, WANG C J, KO J Y, et al. Inflammation induction of Dickkopf-1 mediates chondrocyte apoptosis in osteoarthritic joint[J].Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2009, 17(7): 933-943.
[30] WENG L H, WANG C J, KO J Y, et al. Control of Dkk-1 ameliorates chondrocyte apoptosis, cartilage destruction, and subchondral bone deterioration in osteoarthritic knees[J].Arthritis Rheum,2010, 62(5): 1393-1402.
[31] GLANTSCHNIG H, HAMPTON R A, LU P, et al. Generation and selection of novel fully human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize Dickkopf-1(DKK1)inhibitory function in vitro and increase bone mass in vivo[J].J Biol Chem, 2010, 285(51):40135-40147.
[32] KOMATSU D E, MARY M N, SCHROEDER R J, et al. Modulation of Wnt signaling influences fracture repair[J].J Orthop Res, 2010, 28(7):928-936.
[33] DIARRA D, STOLINA M, POLZER K, et al. Dickkopf-1 is a master regulator of joint remodeling[J].Nat Med, 2007, 13(2):156-163.
[34] CORRADO A, NEVE A, MACCHIAROLA A, et al. RANKL/OPG ratio and DKK-1 expression in primary osteoblastic cultures from osteoarthritic and osteoporotic subjects[J]. J Rheumatol, 2013,40(5):684-694.
[35] KAWANO Y, KYPTA R. Secreted antagonists of the Wnt signalling pathway[J]. J Cell Sci, 2003, 116(pt 13):2627-2634.
[36] LORIES R J, PEETERS J, BAKKER A, et al. Articular cartilage and biomechanical properties of the long bones in Frzb-knockout mice[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2007, 56(12):4095-4103.
[37] LANE N E, NEVITT M C, LUI L Y, et al. Wnt signaling antagonists are potential prognostic biomarkers for the progression of radiographic hip osteoarthritis in elderly Caucasian women[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2007, 56(10):3319-3325.
[38] STEINERT A F, PROFFEN B, KUNZ M, et al. Hypertrophy is induced during the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene transfer[J]. Arthritis Res Ther,2009, 11(5):R148.
[39] SHU B, ZJAMG M, XIE R, et al. BMP2, but not BMP4, is crucial for chondrocyte proliferation and maturation during endochondral bone development[J]. J Cell Sci, 2011, 124(Pt 20):3428-3440.
[40] PAPATHANASIOU I, MALIZOS K N, TSEZOU A.Bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway activation through enhanced low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 catabolic activity contributes to hypertrophy in osteoarthritic chondrocytes[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2012, 14(2):R82.
[41] ZHANG M, YAN Y, LIM Y B, et al. BMP-2 modulates beta-catenin signaling through stimulation of Lrp5 expression and inhibition of beta-TrCP expression in osteoblasts[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2009, 108(4):896-905.
[42] KAMIYA N, KOBAYASHI T, MOCHIDA Y, et al. Wnt inhibitors Dkk1 and Sost are downstream targets of BMP signaling through the type IA receptor(BMPRIA)in osteoblasts[J]. J Bone Miner Res, 2010, 25(2):200-210.